Berberis vulgaris pdf

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Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. Berberine and barberry Berberis vulgaris : A clinical review. Phytotherapy research : PTR. Toxicology effects of Berberis vulgaris barberry and its active constituent, berberine: a review. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences. View 2 excerpts, cites background. And this leads to obstruction of the breath, which is observed while raising the arms. In tonsilitis, the patient has a sensation of something grim present in the throat with a stiff neck and a feeling of a plugin in the throat.

With a short dry cough, the patient has to stitch pain in the chest. The patient can feel stitching pain around the heart with a slow pulse. The patient has squeezing pain with shooting in the region of the heart with palpitations.

The patient has nausea before breakfast and after dinner. Nausea before breakfast gets better after eating. They have pains in the stomach to back or from back to reverse. The patient has a torn feeling in the epigastrium. They have biliary calculi stones in the gall bladder. The pain starts in the gall bladder and goes to the stomach. The pain is worse by pressure. Whenever the patient experiences colic in the abdomen, they feel as if breathing is arrested.

The stools passed are dirty, grey, tough with smarting pain, and are associated with jaundice. The complaints of the gallbladder are always accompanied by constipation and a yellow complexion. The patient has constant urging to stool. They have smarting pain around the anus and perineum. Tearing pain around the anus is marked. There is a fistula in ano with itching and is associated with chest complaints.

Berberis is an excellent remedy for renal colic and its urinary complaints. In renal colic, the pain travels from the kidney along the ureter to the liver, stomach, and spleen, accompanied by arrested breathing. The patient experiences burning, soreness, and bubbling sensations in the kidney region. The patient passes clear discharge from the meatus before urinating. The urine passed is thick, turbid, yellow, red, with sandy or slimy sediment. The patient feels that some urine has remained even after urination.

They have a burning sensation in the urethra when not urinating. And there is a pain in the thighs and hips on urinating. Some old patients have enlarged prostate, which puts pressure on the perineum. The pains keep changing the sides. The genitals on examination feel cold and sweaty.

Prepuce glans are cold and numb. The patient can feel that the male part is hard, contracted, and bends upward. The females experience too slight and sometimes watery blood; brown or grey mucus replaces menses. Dysmenorrhea is marked with menses where the blood looks like a grey serum. They experience cutting pain during coition due to vaginismus. Hence, they are unable to enjoy intimacy.

There are many prostrations after coition. It is also indicated in neuralgia of the ovaries and female private part, and the pain keeps changing the sides. With menses and leucorrhea, urinary symptoms are marked. Stitching pain is experienced by the patient in the neck and back, which worsens respiration. They have backache with severe prostration, which gets worsened on sitting or lying.

They can feel a sore spot under the right scapula. The patient has severe crushing, stitching, paralyzing pain in the lumbar region. They have pain from the iliac crest down to the front of the thigh, especially when urinating. The patient has tearing sticking pain with stiffness which makes rising difficult. This pain is felt around hips, nates, limbs and is associated with numbness. Berberis is an excellent remedy for postoperative pains in the lumbar region.

The patient has soreness and sharp pain from the iliac nerve to the bladder, which leads to frequent urination. Hands —. There is neuralgia under fingernails with swelling of finger joints.

Marbled spots on the arms with a burning sensation. Acute pain in the arms extending to the forearm followed by heaviness and weakness of the arm. Neuralgic pains under nails make it very tender to touch. It is noted in few patients that there is redness with itching as if from chilblains. Legs —. The patient feels that the outer side of their thigh is cold. They can feel ulcerative pain in their heel.

And the pain of stepping on something. There is extreme tiredness and lameness in the legs after walking a short distance. The pain worsens on standing. The patient has the sensation as if the legs have wasted away. The patient has the sensation of tiredness, bruising, and paralysis in the knee while walking and after rising from a seat after sitting for a long time.

Swelling of the foot is noted after movement with burning, swelling in the heel, and cramps in the foot. The patient is prone to flat warts. As a result, the patient experiences tremendous itching, burning, and smarting pain on warts that worsen after scratching and better by cold application. You can feel small bumps all over the body. The eruptions leave a brown stain on the skin. There is a tendency for eczema, especially in the anus and hands.

Eczema leaves a circumscribed pigmentation. Small pustules develop red, with burning, itching, and shooting pain and are very painful on being touched. The patient feels sleepy, especially in the morning and afternoon.

After dinner, they have an unquiet sleep disturbed by burning, itching of the skin, or anxious dreams. The patient wakes up in the morning between two and four am and cannot sleep again, accompanied by tension and congestion in the head and thirst. The patient frequently wakes, resulting in fatigue due to want of sleep. The sleep is significantly prolonged with pain as of a bruise and pressure on loins and thighs.

They feel coldness in various parts of the body as if cold water has been splattered. The patient can feel shivering before dinner and sometimes after dinner with icy cold feet, dry mouth, and pain in the left epigastrium. The patient experiences shivering in the morning in the back, arms, and thighs.

HEAT: Shivering in the morning is followed by burning heat with giddiness and violent pains in the head and sore throat. The patient feels warm in the lower parts of the body, thighs, and hips. The fruits of the plants from Berberidaceae family are bright red or blackish red and taste sour 19 , After falling leaves in autumn and passing through winter, the shrubs of barberries begin to flourish in March and flower in June. The fruits are rape and can be harvested in October The genus Berberis Berberidaceae includes about species worldwide Berberidaceae family includes approximate 14 genera and species Berberis is a major genus in dicotyledonous woody plants of Berberidaceae family.

Different taxonomists have reported disparate number of species and in the family likewise species in the genus. For many, the family comprises upon ca. Furthermore, Whetstone et al and Nickol are in favor of 15 and 13 genera with ca.

Similarly, according to Ahrendt and Adhikari , Berberis includes ca. Mahonia species correspondingly. Berberis is the largest woody plant genus of the basal eudicots 12 , The genus includes four species in Iran: B. Two species, B. Some species of genus Berberis have recently been imported into Iran and cultivated and propagated in different regions for decorative uses 8.

In traditional medicine, different organs of this plant are used to treat diseases. Fruit, bark, root, and stem are the pharmaceutical organs of B. Fruit is the most frequently used organ of this plant in traditional and modern medicine 21 , It is also rich in vitamins C and A, calcium, iron, and potassium 16 , Decomposition of B.

In Iran, dried B. As well, the fruit or its derivatives are used to produce certain products such as sauce, jelly, juice, jam, marmalade, and carbonated drinks. Besides that, B. This fruit is also used in industries. For example, the anthocyanin found in B. Many metabolites of various species of B. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, carotenoid, vitamin, protein, lipid, anthocyanin and phenolic compounds.

Most compounds are summarized in Table 1. The highest amounts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins can be found in B. Regarding the importance of investigating B. The concentrations of flavonol, flavonoid, and phenol of B. In all organs of B. The amount of alkaloid is higher in the root bark than other organs of B. Berberine is one of the most important alkaloids of this plant that can be effective in preventing coronary artery disease and possibly reducing the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride The most important property of berbamine is to block calcium channels.

This alkaloid was found to be active in the tests of lipids peroxidation in red blood cells and can exert anti-myocardial ischemia and antiarrhythmic effects.

Besides that, oxyaconthine has a sympatholytic and vasodilatory agent Recently, berberine has been reported to decrease cholesterol through a mechanism different from that through which statins decrease cholesterol. If a statin and berberine are used simultaneously, they seem to control cholesterol more efficiently. In a controlled study, berberine was found to cause increase in a type of protein receptor in the liver, which could bond to cholesterol and facilitate its excretion Despite extensive use and several properties of different organs of B.

Some of these properties can be attributed to the antihistaminic and anticholinergic effects of this plant There are large amounts of vitamin C in B. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and water-soluble organic compound. This vitamin is essential to the production and maintenance of collagen tissue and the strength of other tissues, and can help to reinforce immunity system and to speed up wound healing 40 , As well, vitamin C prevents the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and nitrous ureas, and is considered a strong antioxidant agent and an effective cause of restoring cell enzymatic activities and electron transfer processes It is also involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, the metabolism of phenylalanine and thyrosine, the conversion of plasma transferine to liver ferritin, and the production of serotonin in the body 43 , A study on aqueous B.

The oldest findings on the use of barberry fruit to purify blood were inscribed on the clay tablets in the library of Assyrian present day Iraq emperor Asurbanipal during BC. The stem bark, stem, roots and root bark of Berberis species have been widely used in Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and ethno-medicines as raw materials or ingredients.

In Ayurveda, it is traditionally used to cure various infections of eye, ear and mouth, to lose weight, to heal wounds quickly, to cure piles and hemorrhoids, to treat dysentery, indigestion, uterine and vaginal disorders as well as to treat snake or Scorpion bite as an antidote.

In Iranian traditional medicine, it is used to cure jaundice, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, eye sores, toothache, asthma and skin pigmentation, to dry unhealthy ulcers as well as to eliminate swelling and inflammation as orally and topically 13 , 45 , In traditional medicine of Bulgaria and Eastern world, the extracts of the roots of different species from family Berberidaceae are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases Sarangdhara acclaims that decoction of barberry mixed with honey can be used to treat jaundice.

A decoction of barberry and Emblic myrobalan combined with honey is prescribed to treat acrid urine or painful micturition from bilius Many researchers reported pharmacological effects of B.

Moreover, the extract of B. The root extract of this plant can exert antimicrobial effects against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Candida albicans One of the main compounds of B. Berberine can exert protective effects on central nervous system and help to treat the diseases of this system Summary of the findings on some species from genus Berberis most frequently used to treat different diseases.

Moreover, this alkaloid can protect islets of Langerhans in diabetic mice and cause increase in insulin secretion, decrease in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, and increase in high-density lipoprotein As with other fruits, B. In addition, the plasma levels of ascorbic acid were found to be lower in patients with dementia compared to the controls, representing the protective effect of ascorbic acid on the brain function and in preventing cognitive disorders Moreover, ascorbic acid, a nature-based agent, has been reported to be effective in improving memory in patients and older animals Ascorbic acid has been reported to be effective in improving learning disabilities and memory disorders in several experimental models The effect of the administration of aqueous and hydroalcoholic B.

The useful effect of long-term consumption of processed B. Moreover, this plant has morphine-like properties and is therefore effective in quitting substance abuse. Besides that, scientific studies have confirmed the control of inflammatory markers in animal models through the use of B. Aqueous B. The protective effects of B. Oral use of aqueous B. Hydroalcoholic B.

A study on the protective effect of aqueous B. The inhibition of some markers and the activation of some others by two-week oral use of B. Use of B. It is therefore concluded that B. The optimal effects of B. If clinical trials are conducted with the populations of large sample size, the findings can be more definitely generalized to the whole community and this extract can be recommended to lose weight and lower blood pressure in patients with alcoholic fatty liver Moreover, use of hydroalcoholic B.

This study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical characteristics, the findings of the experimental studies and the clinical trials conducted on the most frequently used species of the plants from this genus in traditional medicine, focusing on B. Because no single pattern has been used to refer to different species of barberries in the articles published in Persian language and the recently published works, the readers and examiners of the texts might become confused.

However, in several studies, B. This can affect the interpretation of the findings and the conclusions drawn. The fruits of most plants from family Berberidaceae are rich in antioxidants 51 , 75 , Free radicals are the normal by-products of metabolism in the body, and can cause cell damage by bonding to other molecules and stimulating the growth of anomalous cells, or intervening in the function of normal cells such as nerve and brain cells 74 , However, in the presence of antioxidants, the effects of free radicals are neutralized and the damage due to them is minimized Antioxidants therefore play a significant role in preventing a variety of diseases such as cancer and diabetes and hypertension 49 , The fruits of most plants from Berberidaceae family have a sour taste which is due mainly to the presence of ascorbic acid or vitamin C.

We can discuss vitamin C in these fruits with regard to affecting physiological functions of the body in both antioxidants and vitamins. This vitamin can protect the skin of human body against adverse effects of the sun ultraviolet radiation.

Collagen is a connective tissue which keeps the body parts together. Vitamin C is required to produce and maintain collagen tissue in the body This vitamin can prevent hypercholesterolemia and clots formation in blood vessels Moreover, vitamin C facilitates iron absorption in gastrointestinal tract, and therefore people with anemia are recommended to use vitamin C alongside iron-containing foods and medications This important vitamin that is found in the fruits of the plants from Berberidaceae family can be used to prevent osteoporosis and osteomalacia and to treat stroke and atherosclerosis 83 , Plants are the richest sources of alkaloids, and alkaloids can cause strong physiological reactions with special effects in human beings.

These compounds are particularly effective on nervous system , The aerial organs of the plants from Berberidaceae family contain several compounds that are effective in treating diseases.

Alkaloids are a group of these compounds 85 , Alkaloids can exert strong physiological effects in the body of mammals, including human beings. Lack of alkaloids may cause various problems in the body of human being.

For example, deficiency of phenylalanine, as a non-polar alkaloid, can lead to disturbed process of thyrosine production in converting levodopa in the brain to dopamine or noradrenaline to adrenaline. Phenylalanine deficiency can lead finally to certain disorders such as depression and declined pain tolerance 85 , 86 , In the light of use of different organs of B. Hereby, we gratefully thank the Deputy of the Research and Technology of the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences for providing financial to conduct this study.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Iran J Basic Med Sci. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jun 5; Accepted Apr This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract The medicinal plants from genus Berberis are particularly important in traditional medicine and the food basket of Iranians.

Introduction Medicinal plants have been known among different nations since thousands of years ago and have been used throughout many centuries according to the traditional medicine of most countries.

Materials and Methods In this review article, articles were initially retrieved from reliable scientific databases using relevant search terms. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Results The findings were presented in eight separate sections: Introducing Berberidaceae , family different plants of genus Berberis , pharmaceutical organs, B.

Table 1 Summary of metabolites in Berberis vulgaris. Disease Type of study Berberis species Part of plant Results Reference Cancer Experimental mice Berberis aristata Fruit Ethanolic extract was observed to be efficient and the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids may be responsible for the observed anticancer effects. This correlated with the induction of apoptosis.

The data demonstrate that berberine is a potent anti-neoplastic compound that acts via anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic mechanisms independent of genotoxicity. Increasing concentration of B. The active constituent, berberine also showed a dose-dependent and potent analgesic activity against acetic acid-induced writhing reflex in mice 81 Gastrointestinal In vitro and in vivo B.

Root B. Berberine exhibits anticonvulsant activity by modulating neurotransmitter systems and may have clinical uses. This condition remained roughly constant for three weeks. Both extracts also declined biochemical parameters significantly. As well, significant effects were observed on the glucose tolerance, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum lipid profiles, and body weight of experimental animals.

Berberidaceae The plants from Berberidaceae family are often acanaceous shrubs with m height and rarely small. Genus Berberis The genus Berberis Berberidaceae includes about species worldwide Pharmaceutical organs of B. Nutrition facts of B. Secondary metabolites of B. Action mechanism of B.